- Exertion.
- Cold.
- Smoke.
- Air pollution including exposure to certain chemicals. An example is isocynates which are used in some painting and plastics industries.
- Airway infection.
- Allergies, eg to pollens, house dust mites, domestic animals (especially cats), aspirin and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) such as ibuprofen.
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